Look Out for Jumping Worms: A Garden Nightmare and What To Do About It

Jumping worms, also known as crazy worms, are an invasive species that have been rapidly spreading across the United States. These worms, originally from Asia, are causing significant damage to gardens and ecosystems. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of jumping worms, their impact on the soil, and how to recognize and manage their presence in your garden.

The Invasion of Jumping Worms

Jumping worms, scientifically known as Amynthas spp. are a non-native species that have made their way to the United States from Asia. These worms have been observed in various regions, including the Southeast, along the Eastern Seaboard, and in the mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and some Northwestern states.

It is important to note that while there are still native species of earthworms in certain areas of North America, the jumping worms have been displacing and out-competing them. The destructive nature of these invasive worms poses a threat to the delicate balance of ecosystems and soil health.

Side note: Most earthworms in North America, especially on the east coast, are actually non native species brought from Europe hundreds of years ago. These earthworms, while not native, are not nearly as destructive as the jumping worms. Non-native doesn't always mean bad, but in this case with the jumping worms, they are a very big problem.

The Impact of Jumping Worms on Soil

Jumping worms are voracious feeders that consume large amounts of organic matter in the soil. They quickly degrade the soil structure, making it drier and less fertile. As they feed, they create granular castings that resemble coffee grounds on the soil surface. These castings contain high levels of nutrients, but unfortunately, only a small portion reaches the roots of plants. During heavy rainstorms, these nutrients are easily lost, leaving the soil unable to support healthy plant growth.

The presence of jumping worms also alters the composition of the soil, making it more gravelly and prone to erosion. This disruption negatively affects the soil's ability to retain moisture and support beneficial microorganisms. Additionally, the altered soil composition limits normal plant germination and growth, posing a threat to native plant species and the overall biodiversity of the ecosystem.

How to Recognize Jumping Worms

• Thrashing Movement: Jumping worms have a distinct thrashing movement similar to that of a snake. When handled, they exhibit wild and erratic movements.
• Granular Castings: The feeding activity of jumping worms produces granular castings that resemble coffee grounds. These castings can be easily seen on the soil surface.
• Size and Color: Jumping worms range in size from 1.5 to 8 inches, depending on the species and maturity. They have a smooth texture and can vary in color from gray to brown or purple. When fully mature, they may be iridescent-looking.
• Clitellum: Adult jumping worms have a distinct cream-colored band, known as a clitellum, that encircles their body. The clitellum is located closer to the head, typically between segments 14 and 16.
• Cocoons: Jumping worm cocoons are small, measuring between 1-3 millimeters in diameter. They resemble particles of soil and can be found in the vicinity of jumping worms.

Jumping worms are typically found near the soil surface and leaf litter, as they are epi-endogeic worms. They do not perform deep soil aeration or contribute to nutrient movement.

The Spread of Jumping Worms

Jumping worms are spread through various human and animal activities. The most common means of spread include:

• Mulches and Compost: Jumping worms can be transported through the movement of infested mulch and compost. It is crucial to be cautious when using these materials and ensure they are free from jumping worms and their cocoons.
• Potted Plants: Inspecting potted plants before bringing them home is essential. Look for granular-looking soil, which could indicate the presence of jumping worms. Whenever possible, opt for bare-root plants or propagate plants from seeds and cuttings.
• Soil Contamination: Jumping worms can be inadvertently transported on tools, equipment, and shoes. To prevent the spread of jumping worms, clean and disinfect any equipment or tools before moving them to new locations.
• Soil Runoff: Jumping worms can also be carried through soil runoff, particularly during heavy rainstorms. They can be transported along streams and rivers, leading to the colonization of new areas.

The Impact on Gardening and Agriculture

Jumping worms pose significant challenges to gardening and agricultural practices. Their destructive feeding habits and alteration of soil composition can result in poor crop growth, reduced plant diversity, and increased vulnerability to erosion. 

• The altered soil composition and nutrient loss make it difficult for plants to establish and thrive.
• The soil becomes drier and depleted of essential nutrients, making it challenging for plants to access the necessary resources for healthy growth.
• Without the natural mulch layer provided by organic matter, the soil becomes more vulnerable to erosion by wind and water.
• Fungi and bacteria play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and plant health. The loss of these organisms can have cascading effects on the overall ecosystem.

Prevention and Management Strategies

Preventing the introduction and spread of jumping worms is crucial for protecting your garden and the surrounding environment. Here are some recommended strategies for prevention and management:

1. Make Your Own Compost: By making your own compost, you can ensure that it is free from jumping worms and their cocoons. Retaining fallen leaves on your property for use as mulch and compost can also help prevent the introduction of jumping worms.
2. Inspect Plant Pots: Before bringing potted plants home, inspect the soil for granular castings, which may indicate the presence of jumping worms. If possible, opt for bare-root plants or propagate plants from seeds and cuttings.
3. Clean Equipment and Tools: To prevent the inadvertent spread of jumping worms, clean and disinfect any equipment or tools used in gardening or landscaping activities. This includes shovels, rakes, and shoes that may come into contact with infested soil.
4. Avoid Using Infested Mulch and Compost: Be cautious when using mulch and compost from unknown sources. If you purchase bulk mulch or compost, ensure that it has undergone proper heat treatment to eliminate jumping worms and their cocoons.
5. Solarization Technique: Solarization is a method that utilizes heat to kill jumping worms and their cocoons. Lay down a sheet of clear plastic over infested soil, ensuring it is tightly sealed around the edges. The heat generated under the plastic can reach temperatures that are lethal to jumping worms.
6. Physical Removal: Hand-picking jumping worms can be an effective management strategy in small-scale infestations. Seal the worms in a bag and dispose of them in the trash. You can also kill jumping worms by placing them in a container with vinegar or rubbing alcohol. Dead worms can be composted.
7. Educate Others: Spread awareness about jumping worms and the importance of prevention. Inform friends, family, and fellow gardeners about the risks associated with jumping worms and how to identify and manage them.

Reporting and Ongoing Research

Reporting the presence of jumping worms is essential for tracking their spread and understanding their impact. Check with your local Ag extension or gardeners club to see where to send repots. You can also report them on the EDDMapS (Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System).

Ongoing research is being conducted to explore various methods and products for controlling jumping worms. Researchers are investigating the use of fungi, saponins, sulfur, fire, and biochar as potential control measures. Furthermore, certain native plant species, such as Christmas fern, Jack-in-the-pulpit, and trout lily, have shown more tolerance to jumping worm-infested areas.